Volvo S60 (2018 year). Manual - part 12

DRIVER SUPPORT

199

City Safety – symbols and

messages

Symbols and messages in the display

When City Safety

™ automatically applies the

brakes, one or more of the symbols in the main

instrument panel may illuminate and its associ-
ated message will be displayed.

A text message can be erased by pressing briefly
on the OK button on the turn signal lever.

Symbol

Message

Meaning/action required

Auto braking by City
Safety

City Safety

™ is applying/has applied the brakes automatically.

Windscreen Sensors
blocked

The laser sensor is temporarily not functioning due to an obstruction.

•

Remove the obstruction and/or clean the windshield in front of the sensor(s).

For more information on the sensor’s limitations, see City Safety – limitations (p. 196).

City Safety Service
required

City Safety

™ is not functioning.

•

If this message remains in the display, have the system checked by a trained and qualified Volvo service techni-
cian.

Related information

•

City Safety – introduction (p. 194)

•

City Safety – function (p. 195)

•

City Safety – operation (p. 196)

•

City Safety – limitations (p. 196)

•

City Safety – troubleshooting (p. 197)

•

City Safety – Laser sensor (p. 200)

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200

City Safety – Laser sensor

The laser sensor

The upper decal describes the laser beam's clas-
sification and contains the following text:

Invisible Laser radiation – Do not view directly
with optical instruments (magnifiers) – Class 1M
laser product.

The lower decal describes the laser beam's phys-
ical data and contains the text:

IEC 60825-1:1993 + A2:2001. Complies with
FDA performance standards for laser products
except for deviations pursuant to Laser Notice
No. 50, dated July 26th, 2001

The laser beam's physical data is listed in the fol-
lowing table:

Maximum pulse energy

2.64 μJ

Maximum average output

45 mW

Pulse length

33 ns

Divergence (horizontal × vertical)

28° × 12°

NOTE

The function of aftermarket laser detectors
may be affected by City Safety's laser sensor.

WARNING

The laser sensor emits light when the ignition
is in mode II or higher, even if City Safety

™

has been switched off.

WARNING

Eye injury may occur if any of the following
points are not followed:

•

It is essential that all pertinent instruc-
tions be followed when handling laser
instruments. Testing, repairing, removing,
adjusting and/or replacing any compo-
nents in the laser sensor may only be
done by a trained and qualified Volvo
service technician.

•

Do not remove the laser sensor (including
removal of the lenses). A laser sensor
that has been removed belongs to laser
class 3B according to standard IEC
60825-1. Devices in laser class 3B pres-
ent a risk of injury to the eyes.

•

The laser sensor’s connector must be dis-
connected before the sensor is removed
from the windshield.

•

The laser sensor must be mounted in
place on the windshield before connect-
ing the sensor’s connector.

•

Do not view the laser sensor (which emits
spreading, invisible laser beams) with
optical instruments from a distance of
less than 4 inches (100 mm).

Related information

•

City Safety – introduction (p. 194)

•

City Safety – function (p. 195)

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201

•

City Safety – operation (p. 196)

•

City Safety – limitations (p. 196)

•

City Safety – troubleshooting (p. 197)

•

City Safety – symbols and messages (p. 199)

Collision warning – introduction

Pedestrian and Cyclist Detection with Full Auto
Brake is designed to assist the driver if there is a
risk of a collision with a pedestrian, a cyclist, a
vehicle ahead that is at a standstill or one that is
moving in the same direction as your vehicle.

This system consists of the following three func-
tions:

•

Collision Warning warns the driver of a
potential collision situation.

•

Brake Support helps the driver brake effi-
ciently in a critical situation.

•

Auto-brake brakes the vehicle automatically
if a collision with a pedestrian, a cyclist or
another vehicle cannot be avoided and the
driver does not apply the brakes in time or
steer around the person/vehicle. Auto-brake
can help prevent a collision or reduce the
speed at which a collision occurs.

Since Pedestrian and Cyclist Detection with Full
Auto Brake is activated in circumstances where
the driver should have begun braking much
sooner, the system will not be able to assist the
driver in all situations.

This system is designed to activate as late as
possible to help avoid unnecessary intervention.

The system should not be used in such a way
that the driver changes his/her way of operating
the vehicle. If the driver relies entirely on the sys-

tem, the chances of an accident eventually occur-
ring increase considerably.

The Pedestrian and Cyclist Detection with Full
Auto Brake and City Safety

™ systems supple-

ment each other. See City Safety – introduction
(p. 194) for detailed information about City
Safety

™.

WARNING

No automatic system can be guaranteed to
function 100% correctly in all situations. For
that reason, never test the Auto-brake system
by driving toward a person or object. This
could result in serious injury or death.

||

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WARNING

•

Pedestrian and Cyclist Detection with Full
Auto Brake does not work in all driving,
traffic, weather and road conditions. It
does not react to vehicles not traveling in
the same direction as your vehicle.

•

Pedestrian and Cyclist Detection with Full
Auto Brake does not react to animals.

•

Warnings are only provided when the risk
of collision is high. The "Function" section
provides information about limitations that
the driver must be aware of before using
Collision Warning.

•

Pedestrian and Cyclist Detection with Full
Auto Brake will not provide a warning or
brake the vehicle for pedestrians or
cyclists at speeds above 50 mph
(80 km/h).

WARNING

•

Pedestrian and Cyclist Detection with Full
Auto Brake will not provide a warning or
brake the vehicle for pedestrians in dark-
ness or in tunnels, even if there is street
lighting in the area.

•

The auto-brake function can help prevent
a collision or reduce the speed at impact
but the driver should always apply the
brakes for the best possible braking
effect, even if auto-brake is actively apply-
ing the brakes.

•

Never wait for a collision warning. This
system is designed to be a supplemen-
tary driving aid. It is not, however,
intended to replace the driver's attention
and judgement. The driver is responsible
for maintaining a safe distance and
speed, even when the collision warning
system is in use.

•

Maintenance of the Pedestrian and
Cyclist Detection with Full Auto Brake
system's components must only be per-
formed by a trained and qualified Volvo
technician.

Related information

•

Collision warning

* – function (p. 203)

•

Collision warning

* – operation (p. 204)

•

Collision warning

* – Pedestrian detection

(p. 206)

•

Collision warning

* – Cyclist detection

(p. 205)

•

Collision warning

* – limitations (p. 207)

•

The camera’s limitations (p. 209)

•

The camera’s limitations (p. 209)

•

Collision warning – troubleshooting (p. 210)

•

Collision warning – symbols and messages
(p. 212)

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Collision warning* – function

Function overview

Audio-visual warning signals, collision risk

Radar sensor

Camera

Collision Warning

The radar sensor and the camera work together
to detect a pedestrian, a cyclist, stationary vehi-
cles and vehicles that are moving in the same
direction as your vehicle. If there is a risk of colli-
sion with a vehicle, a cyclist or a pedestrian, the
driver is alerted by a flashing red warning light
and an audible warning signal. The system is
active at speeds above 3 mph (4 km/h).

Brake Support

If the risk of collision continues to increase after
the collision warning has been given, Brake Sup-
port is activated. Brake Support prepares the
brake system to react quickly, and the brakes are
applied slightly. This may be experienced as a
light tug.

If the brakes are applied quickly, full braking
effect will be provided. Brake Support also
increases brake force if the system determines
that the driver has not applied adequate pressure
on the brake pedal.

Auto-brake

If a collision is imminent and the driver has not
applied the brakes or begun to steer around the
vehicle, pedestrian or a cyclist, the auto-brake
function is activated without the driver pressing
the brake pedal. Full brake force is applied to
help reduce the vehicle’s speed when the colli-
sion occurs or limited brake force is applied if this
is sufficient to avoid the collision.

NOTE

The auto-brake and brake support functions
are always on and cannot be turned off.

Related information

•

Collision warning – introduction (p. 201)

•

Collision warning

* – operation (p. 204)

•

Collision warning

* – Pedestrian detection

(p. 206)

•

Collision warning

* – Cyclist detection

(p. 205)

•

Collision warning

* – limitations (p. 207)

•

Collision warning – troubleshooting (p. 210)

•

Collision warning – symbols and messages
(p. 212)

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Collision warning* – operation

Settings are made by pressing MY CAR on the
center console control panel and using the
menus displayed.

Activating/deactivating both warning
signals

To switch the system's audible and visual sig-
nals on or off at the same time, press MY CAR
on the center console control panel and go to

Settings

Car settings

Driver support

systems

Collision Warning

. If Pedestrian

and Cyclist Detection with Full Auto Brake is on,
the system will perform a self-test each time the
engine is started by briefly illuminating the warn-
ing light. See My Car – introduction (p. 71) for a
description of the menu system.

When the engine is switched on, the system set-
ting that was being used when it was switched
off will be the default setting.

NOTE

The auto-brake and pedestrian/cyclist detec-
tion features are always on, even if the audi-
ble and visual warning signals have been
deactivated.

Activating/deactivating the audible
warning signal only

The audible warning signal can be activated/
deactivated by pressing MY CAR on the center
console control panel and going to 

Settings

Car settings

Driver support systems

Warning sound if risk of collision

.

Setting a warning distance

This setting determines the distance at which the
visual and audible warnings are triggered. Select

Long

, 

Normal

 or 

Short

 by pressing MY CAR on

the center console control panel and going to

Settings

Car settings

Driver support

systems

Collision Warning

Warning

distance

.

The warning distance determines the level of
sensitivity used by the system. The warning dis-
tance 

Long

 provides an earlier warning. Begin by

using 

Long

 and if the system gives too many

warnings, try changing to 

Normal

.

WARNING

•

The setting 

Short

 should only be used in

situations where traffic is light and mov-
ing at low speeds.

•

Pedestrian and Cyclist Detection with Full
Auto Brake alerts the driver to the risk of
a collision but this function cannot reduce
the driver’s reaction time.

•

For the system to be as effective as pos-
sible, it is recommended that Distance
Alert be set to 4 or 5, see Distance Alert
– operation (p. 190).

NOTE

•

When Adaptive Cruise Control is used,
the warning light and signal will be used
by that function, even if the warnings pro-
vided by Pedestrian and Cyclist Detection
with Full Auto Brake have been deacti-
vated by the driver.

•

In situations where traffic is moving at
considerably different speeds, or if the
vehicle ahead brakes suddenly, warnings
may be considered to be late, even if the
setting 

Long

 has been selected.

Checking settings

The current system settings can be checked by
pressing MY CAR on the center console control

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205

panel and going to 

Settings

Car settings

Driver support systems

Collision Warning

.

Related information

•

Collision warning – introduction (p. 201)

•

Collision warning

* – function (p. 203)

•

Collision warning

* – Pedestrian detection

(p. 206)

•

Collision warning

* – Cyclist detection

(p. 205)

•

Collision warning

* – limitations (p. 207)

•

The camera’s limitations (p. 209)

•

Collision warning – symbols and messages
(p. 212)

•

Collision warning – troubleshooting (p. 210)

Collision warning* – Cyclist

detection

The system can detect a cyclist and auto-brake if
certain parameters are fulfilled.

Optimal example of what the system considers to be a
cyclist: clear body/bike contours, straight from behind
and directly in front of the vehicle

In order to help detect a cyclist, the system has to
receive clear information about the contours of
the cyclist's body and the bike. It has to able to
clearly detect the bike, the cyclist's head, arms,
shoulders, legs and upper and lower body com-
bined with the person's pattern of movement
when cycling.

The function only detects cyclists from behind who are
moving in the same direction as your vehicle

The Cyclist Detection feature requires the follow-
ing in order to function:

•

The cyclist must be an adult riding an "adult-
size" bike

•

The bike must be equipped with an approved
and clearly visible rear-facing red reflector
that is mounted at least 27 in. (70 cm) above
the road surface

•

The feature can only detect a cyclist straight
from behind and who is moving in the same
direction as your vehicle

•

A cyclist who is to the left or right of your
vehicle may be detected late or not at all.

•

The camera's capacity to see a cyclist at
dawn or dusk is limited, much as it is for the
human eye.

||

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206

•

The camera's function is deactivated and will
not detect a cyclist in darkness or in tunnels,
even if there is street lighting in the area.

•

For optimal cyclist detection, City Safety

™

must be activated.

WARNING

Pedestrian and Cyclist Detection with Full
Auto Brake is designed to be a supplemen-
tary driving aid. It is not, however, intended to
replace the driver's attention and judgement.
The driver is always responsible for operating
the vehicle in a safe manner.

The system cannot detect a bike/cyclist if:

•

He/she is wearing loose-fitting clothing
that may obscure body contours

•

The bike is approaching your vehicle from
the side

•

The bike is not equipped with a rear-fac-
ing red reflector

•

The bike is carrying large objects

•

Most of the cyclist's body or the bike
itself cannot be "seen" by the system's
camera

Related information

•

Collision warning – introduction (p. 201)

•

Collision warning

* – function (p. 203)

•

Collision warning

* – operation (p. 204)

•

Collision warning

* – Pedestrian detection

(p. 206)

•

Collision warning

* – limitations (p. 207)

•

Collision warning – troubleshooting (p. 210)

•

Collision warning – symbols and messages
(p. 212)

Collision warning* – Pedestrian

detection

The system cannot identify all pedestrians

The Pedestrian and Cyclist Detection with Full
Auto Brake system can only identify and detect a
pedestrian who is standing upright. This person
can be standing still, walking or running.

This means that the system has to be able to
identify a person's head, arms, shoulders, legs,
the upper and lower parts of the body and a per-
son's pattern of movement when walking or run-
ning.

If parts of the body are not visible to the camera,
the system cannot detect the pedestrian.

The following conditions apply:

•

In order to detect a pedestrian, the system
must have a full view of the person's entire

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body and the person must be at least 32 in.
(80 cm) tall.

•

The system cannot detect a pedestrian carry-
ing a large object.

•

The camera's capacity to see a pedestrian at
dawn or dusk is limited, much as it is for the
human eye.

•

The camera's function is deactivated and will
not detect a pedestrian in darkness or in tun-
nels, even if there is street lighting in the
area.

WARNING

•

Pedestrian and Cyclist Detection with Full
Auto Brake is designed to be a supple-
mentary driving aid. It is not, however,
intended to replace the driver's attention
and judgement. The driver is always
responsible for operating the vehicle in a
safe manner.

•

The system cannot detect all pedestrians
in all situations, such as in darkness/at
night and cannot detect partially hidden
pedestrians, people who are less than
approx. 32 in. (80 cm) tall, or people
wearing clothing that obscures the con-
tours of their bodies.

Related information

•

Collision warning – introduction (p. 201)

•

Collision warning

* – function (p. 203)

•

Collision warning

* – operation (p. 204)

•

Collision warning

* – Cyclist detection

(p. 205)

•

Collision warning

* – limitations (p. 207)

•

Collision warning – troubleshooting (p. 210)

•

Collision warning – symbols and messages
(p. 212)

Collision warning* – limitations

Strong sunlight, reflections, extreme light con-
trasts, the use of sunglasses, or if the driver is not
looking straight ahead may make the visual warn-
ing signal in the windshield difficult to see. For
this reason, always activate the audible warning
signal.

Slippery driving conditions increase braking dis-
tance, which can reduce the system's capacity to
avoid a collision. In these conditions, the ABS and
stability systems provide the best possible brak-
ing effect while helping to maintain stability.

NOTE

The visual warning signal may be temporarily
disengaged in the event of high passenger
compartment temperature due to strong sun-
light, etc. If this occurs, the audible warning
signal will be used, even if it has been deacti-
vated in the menu system.

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208

WARNING

•

In certain situations, the system cannot
provide warnings or warnings may be
delayed if traffic conditions or other exter-
nal factors make it impossible for the
radar sensor or camera to detect a
pedestrian, a cyclist or a vehicle ahead.

•

Warnings may not be provided if the dis-
tance to the vehicle ahead is short, or if
movements of the steering wheel/brake
pedal are great, such as during active
driving.

•

The sensor system has a limited range for
pedestrians/cyclists and provides warn-
ings and braking effect most effectively at
speeds up to 30 mph (50 km/h). For sta-
tionary or slow-moving vehicles, the sys-
tem functions best if your vehicle’s speed
is below approximately 45 mph
(70 km/h).

•

Warnings for stationary or slow-moving
vehicles may not be provided in dark con-
ditions or in poor visibility.

The Pedestrian and Cyclist Detection with Full
Auto Brake system uses the same radar sensors
as Adaptive Cruise Control. For more information
on the radar sensor and its limitations, see
Adaptive Cruise Control – limitations (p. 185).

NOTE

If warnings are given too frequently, the warn-
ing distance can be reduced (see Collision
warning

* – operation (p. 204)). This causes

the system to provide later warnings, which
decreases the total number of warnings provi-
ded.

WARNING

•

The system is not activated at speeds
under approx. 2 mph (4 km/h). Therefore,
it will not brake your vehicle if you
approach a vehicle ahead at very low
speed, such as when parking.

•

The driver's actions always have highest
priority and override the Pedestrian and
Cyclist Detection with Full Auto Brake
system. This means that the system will
not intervene in situations where the
driver is actively steering, braking or
pressing the accelerator pedal, even if a
collision is imminent.

•

When Auto-brake has prevented a colli-
sion with a stationary object, your vehicle
will remain at a standstill for approx.
1.5 seconds. If your vehicle has been
braked for a moving vehicle ahead, your
vehicle's speed will be reduced to the
same speed as that vehicle's.

Related information

•

Collision warning – introduction (p. 201)

•

Collision warning

* – operation (p. 204)

•

Collision warning

* – function (p. 203)

•

Collision warning

* – Pedestrian detection

(p. 206)

•

Collision warning

* – Cyclist detection

(p. 205)

•

The camera’s limitations (p. 209)

•

Collision warning – symbols and messages
(p. 212)

•

Collision warning – troubleshooting (p. 210)

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The camera’s limitations

The camera has the same limitations as the
human eye.

The camera is used by Pedestrian and Cyclist
Detection with Full Auto Brake Collision warning
– introduction (p. 201), Active High Beams
(Active high beams (AHB)

* (p. 85)), Road Sign

Information (Road Sign Information (RSI)

* – intro-

duction (p. 170)) and Driver Alert System (Driver
Alert System (p. 214)) with Lane Departure
Warning or Lane Keeping Aid.

NOTE

•

To help protect the camera in very hot
conditions, it may be temporarily switched
off for approximately 15 minutes after the
engine has been started.

•

Keep the section of the windshield in
front of the camera clean and free of ice,
snow, or condensation.

WARNING

•

The camera has the same type of limita-
tions as the human eye, i.e., it cannot see
as well in heavy snowfall or rain, thick fog
or in heavy blowing dust or snow. In such
conditions, systems depending on the
camera may experience greatly reduced
functionality or may be temporarily deacti-
vated.

•

Never place any objects, decals, etc., on
the windshield in front of the camera. This
could reduce or block the camera’s func-
tion, and could cause one or more of the
systems that utilize the camera to stop
functioning.

•

Strong sunlight, reflections from the road
surface, ice or snow covering the road, a
dirty road surface, or unclear lane marker
lines may drastically reduce the camera’s
capacity to detect the side of a lane, a
pedestrian, a cyclist or another vehicle.

Related information

•

Collision warning – introduction (p. 201)

•

Collision warning

* – function (p. 203)

•

Collision warning

* – operation (p. 204)

•

Collision warning

* – Pedestrian detection

(p. 206)

•

Collision warning

* – Cyclist detection

(p. 205)

•

Collision warning

* – limitations (p. 207)

•

Collision warning – troubleshooting (p. 210)

•

Collision warning – symbols and messages
(p. 212)

•

Road Sign Information (RSI)

* – introduction

(p. 170)

•

Driver Alert System (p. 214)

•

Active high beams (AHB)

* (p. 85)

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Collision warning – troubleshooting

Fault tracing and actions

If the message 

Windscreen Sensors blocked

is displayed, this means that the camera is

obscured and cannot detect pedestrians, cyclists,
vehicles or road marker lines in front of the vehi-
cle.

This, in turn, means that Pedestrian and Cyclist
Detection with Full Auto Brake, Driver Alert Con-

trol, Lane Departure Warning or Lane Keeping
Aid will not have full functionality.

The table lists possible causes for this message
being displayed, and suitable actions.

Cause

Action

The surface of the windshield in front of the camera is dirty or covered with
ice or snow.

Clean or clear the section of the windshield in front of the camera.

Fog, heavy rain or snow is interfering with the function of the camera.

No action possible. Heavy precipitation may affect the function of the cam-
era.

The surface of the windshield is clean but the message remains in the display.

Wait a short time. It may take several minutes for the camera to register vis-
ibility.

The surface between the inside of the windshield and the camera is dirty.

Contact an authorized Volvo retailer or service technician to have this sur-
face cleaned.

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Maintenance

Camera and radar sensor

8

.

In order to function properly, the camera and
radar sensor must be kept clean. Dirt, ice, snow,
etc., will reduce the function of these compo-
nents.

Remove ice and snow when necessary and wash
these areas regularly with a suitable car washing
liquid.

Related information

•

Collision warning – introduction (p. 201)

•

Collision warning

* – function (p. 203)

•

Collision warning

* – operation (p. 204)

•

Collision warning

* – Pedestrian detection

(p. 206)

•

Collision warning

* – Cyclist detection

(p. 205)

•

Collision warning

* – limitations (p. 207)

•

The camera’s limitations (p. 209)

•

Collision warning – symbols and messages
(p. 212)

8

The illustration is generic; details will vary, depending on the model

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212

Collision warning – symbols and

messages

The table lists possible causes for collision
warning-related messages being displayed, and
suitable actions.

A text message can be erased by pressing briefly
on the OK button on the turn signal lever.

Symbol

Message

Description

Collis'n warning
OFF

Pedestrian and Cyclist Detection with Full Auto Brake is switched off. This message is displayed when the engine is
started and will disappear after approx. 5 seconds. It can also be erased by pressing the OK button.

Collision Warning
Unavailable

Pedestrian and Cyclist Detection with Full Auto Brake cannot be activated. This message is displayed when the driver
attempts to activate the function. It will disappear after approx. 5 seconds or can be erased by pressing the OK button.

Auto braking was
activated

Auto-braking has been active. This message can be erased by pressing the OK button.

Windscreen Sen-
sors blocked

The camera is temporarily not functioning. This message is displayed if the camera is obstructed by snow, ice, dirt, etc.,
on the windshield. Clean the area of the windshield in front of the camera, see The camera’s limitations (p. 209) for
more information on the camera’s limitations.

Radar blocked See
manual

Pedestrian and Cyclist Detection with Full Auto Brake is temporarily not functioning. The radar sensor is blocked, for
example by heavy rain or snow that has accumulated in front of the sensor, and cannot detect other vehicles, see
Adaptive Cruise Control – limitations (p. 185) for more information on the radar sensor’s limitations.

Collision warn.
Service required

Pedestrian and Cyclist Detection with Full Auto Brake is partially or completely not functioning.

Contact a trained and qualified Volvo service technician if the message remains in the display.

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Related information

•

Collision warning – introduction (p. 201)

•

Collision warning

* – function (p. 203)

•

Collision warning

* – operation (p. 204)

•

Collision warning

* – Pedestrian detection

(p. 206)

•

Collision warning

* – Cyclist detection

(p. 205)

•

Collision warning

* – limitations (p. 207)

•

Collision warning – troubleshooting (p. 210)

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Driver Alert System

The Driver Alert System is designed to help a
driver who may be becoming fatigued or who is
inadvertently leaving the lane.

Introduction

The Driver Alert System consists of two different
functions that can be switched on together or
separately.

•

Driver Alert Control (DAC), see Driver Alert
Control (DAC) – introduction (p. 214)

•

Lane Departure Warning (LDW)

9

, see Lane

Departure Warning (LDW) – introduction
(p. 220)

or

•

Lane Keeping Aid (LKA)

10

, see Lane Keep-

ing Aid (LKA) – introduction (p. 225)

When one or both of the functions has been
switched on, it is in standby mode and is acti-
vated when the vehicle exceeds a speed of
40 mph (65 km/h).

The function deactivates if the vehicle's speed
goes under 37 mph (60 km/h).

Both functions use a camera that is dependent
on the road/lane being clearly marked by painted
lines on each side.

WARNING

The Driver Alert System does not function in
all situations and is designed to be a supple-
mentary aid. It is not, however, intended to
replace the driver’s attention and judgement.

Driver Alert Control (DAC) –

introduction

DAC is intended to alert the driver if his/her driv-
ing becomes erratic, such as if the driver is dis-
tracted or fatigued.

DAC is designed to help detect a slowly chang-
ing driving pattern. It is primarily intended to be
used on main roads and is not meant for use in
city traffic.

A camera monitors the painted lines marking the
lane in which the vehicle is traveling and com-
pares the direction of the road with the driver’s
movements of the steering wheel. The driver is
alerted if the vehicle does not follow the lane
smoothly.

9

Models with 5- or 6-cylinder engines only.

10

Models with 4-cylinder engines only.