Учебное пособие: Методические указания по обучению грамматике английского языка для слушателей заочного обучения Барнаул 2008

Министерство внутренних дел Российской Федерации

Кафедра иностранных языков

Калашникова С.В.

Методические указания

по обучению грамматике английского языка

для слушателей заочного обучения

Барнаул 2008

ББК 81.2 Англ

К - 17

Методические указания по обучению грамматике английского языка для слушателей заочного обучения - Барнаул: Барнаульский юридический институт МВД России, 2008. – 79c.

Составитель: Калашникова С.В.., преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков.

Методические указания предназначены для студентов и слушателей заочного обучения.

Каждый урок включает грамматический материал в виде кратких теоретических установок и таблиц; тренировочных упражнений для последующего закрепления, а также тестовых заданий, контролирующих понимание использования грамматических явлений.

Цель пособия - подготовить студентов к самостоятельной работе по овладению грамматическим материалом и его систематизации.

Пособие содержит экзаменационные темы, тексты для дополнительного чтения на аудиторных занятиях, которые направлены на усвоение и закрепление лексико-грамматического материала.

Рекомендована к использованию в учебном процессе решением методического совета "3" декабря 2008г. Протокол № 4.

© Барнаульский юридический институт МВД России, 2008

Раздел 1.

Порядок слов в английском предложении.

I. Повествовательное предложение.

В повествовательном предложении в английском языке соблюдается прямой порядок слов:

II. Вопросительное предложение характеризуется обратным порядком слов, т.е. перед подлежащим употребляется вспомогательный глагол (модальный, глагол-связка).

В английском языке различают 4 типа вопросов:

1. Общий вопрос – вопрос ко всему предложению, требующий краткого ответа: «да» или «нет». Порядок слов обратный:

2. Специальный вопрос относится к какому-либо члену предложения. Начинается с вопросительного слова, порядок слов обратный:

Вопросительное слово + вспомогательный глагол (модальный) + подлежащее + основной глагол + второстепенные члены предложения

Where does he play football?

He plays football at a stadium.

Вопрос к подлежащему не требует вспомогательного глагола; порядок слов прямой.

He works at a factory – Who works at the factory?

The teacher answered the questions – Who answered the questions?

3. Альтернативный вопрос предполагает выбор из двух вариантов; порядок слов обратный.

Do you like tea or coffee? – I like tea.

4. Разделительный вопрос используется в тех случаях, когда говорящий не совсем уверен в том, что он сообщает и просит собеседника уточнить информацию. Разделительный вопрос состоит из двух частей: первая строится по правилам утвердительного предложения, вторая состоит из вспомогательного глагола и соответствующего личного местоимения. Однако, если первая часть вопроса утвердительная, то вторая часть отрицательная и наоборот.

He knows English, doesn’t he? – Yes, he does.

He doesn’t know English, does he? – No, he doesn’t.

Задание: Определите типы вопросительных предложений и переведите их.

1. Когда начинается ваш рабочий день?

2. Вы делаете утреннюю зарядку каждый день или один раз в неделю?

3. Вы завтракаете каждое утро, не так ли?

4. Вы живете далеко или близко от места вашей работы?

5. Как вы добираетесь до своего учреждения?

6. Когда вы начинаете свою работу?

7. Вы обычно заняты на работе с 9 до 5 вечера, не так ли?

8. У вас занятия каждый день?

9. В какое время вы обычно приходите домой?

10. Куда вы ходите по вечерам?

11. Вы часто ходите в кино или в театр?

12. Вы любите смотреть телепередачи, не правда ли?

13. Как вы проводите свободное время?

14. Когда вы ложитесь спать?

Раздел 2

Понятие об артикле

В английском языке имеются 2 артикля: определенный (the)и неопределенный (а).

Неопределенный артикль а (аn) употребляется с исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе - This is a pen. My wife is a teacher. I take a pencil.

Если существительное начинается с согласного звука, то употребляется артикль - а - a book; перед существительным, начинающимся с гласного, звука, употребляется форма - an - an apple.

Во множественном числе и с неисчисляемыми существительными артикль отсутствует.

Определенный артикль the употребляется перед исчисляемыми (т.е. существительными, которые можно пересчитать) в единственном и множественном числе и перед неисчисляемыми существительными, когда говорящему и слушающему ясно, что речь идет именно о данном предмете (или предметах); часто при этом сообщается дополнительные сведения о данном предмете или предметах – This is a pen. The pen is black.

Существительное, определяемое порядковым числительным, обычно употребляется с определенным артиклем- This is the sixth lesson.

Артикли не употребляются перед:

а) именами собственными - Jack, Jane;

б) существительными с притяжательными и указательными местоимениями, с количественными числительными - My pen is bad. That man is nice. Page seven is clean.

Употребление артикля с географическими названиями:

а) название континентов, стран, городов, улиц, площадей, судов, как правило, употребляется без артикля - England, Moscow, Pushkin Street, Trafalgar square, Hyde Park.

б) если в имени собственном есть нарицательное существительное, то перед ним употребляется определенный артикль - The United States of America, The United Kingdom.

в) определенный артикль всегда употребляется перед названием рек, морей, океанов и перед существительными East, West, North, South; London is on the Thames. My sister lives in the Far East.

Запомните следующие застывшие словосочетания:

Задание 1. Употребите нужный артикль.

1. I am... engineer. 2. My ... son is ... pupil. 3. He is ...good ... pupil. 4. This is ... house. 5.I like your... beautiful ...flower. 6. Give me ... flower, please. 7. My ... mother is at... home. 8 She is reading ... interesting ... book. 9. My ... father is not at... home. 10. He is at... work. 11. He is ... doctor. 12. He is... good ... doctor. 13. He works at… hospital.

Задание 2. Употребите нужный артикль.

Once... Frenchman was travelling in Sweden. He stopped at ... hotel in... little Swedish town. .It was ...evening... man was tired, so he went to ... bed at once. In ... morning he had ... breakfast in ... hotel restaurant'. After... breakfast he went for... walk. He walked along... streets of ... town, visited ... museum and ... shops. Presently he felt hungry and dropped into ... cafe for ... lunch. He sat down at ... table, called ... waiter and ordered mushrooms. But… Frenchman did not know... Swedish and ... waiter did not know ... French. Nobody in ... cafe could speak... French. Then ... Frenchman took… piece of paper and ... pencil and drew ... picture of... mushroom. ... waiter looked at ... picture and left ... room at once. Five minutes later he returned with ... umbrella.

Задание 3. T est. Выберите правильный вариант.

1.The sky -land was... wonderful place for a little boy.

2.a) a b) the с) -

3.I like ... students I study with

4.a) a b) the c) -

5.What important industrial centers in… Siberia do you know?

6.a) a b) the c) -

4. Does your little sister get presents on… 8th of March?

a) a b) the c)-

5. Nick is...good musician.

a) a b) the c)-

6. Every day they had ... breakfast in the cafe.

a) a b) the c)-

7. Pass me... cheese, please

a) a b) the c)-

8.When do ... Americans vote for president?

9.a) a b) the c)-

10. James Cook died on Hawaiian Islands.

a) a b) the c)-

Раздел 3

§1 Число имени существительного.

Имена существительные в английском языке изменяются по числам: они могут употребляться в единственном и множественном числе.

Множественное число имен существительных образуется путем прибавления окончания -s или -es к форме единственного числа.

Окончание -s произносится:

а) как [z] после звонких согласных и после гласных –а tie - ties; a pen-pens.

b) как [s] после глухих согласных - a list - lists; a student - students.

Имена существительные, оканчивающиеся, на -s. -ss, -x, -sh, -ch имеют во множественном числе окончание -es, которое произносится как [iz]- a match - matches; a box - boxes.

Имена существительные, оканчивающиеся на -се, -ge принимают окончание -s, которое произносится как [iz] - a place -places; a cage - cages.

Имена существительные, оканчивающиеся на окончание -у с предшествующей согласной, при прибавлении окончания -es меняют букву -у на букву -i - a country - countries; a city - cities. Множественное число имен существительных на -f,-fe образуется путем замены -f согласной v и прибавлением окончания -es -a shelf-shelves.

В английском языке есть существительные, которые сохранили образование множественного числа путем изменения корневой гласной

-a man - men; a foot-feet; a tooth - teeth; a woman - women; a goose -geese.

Некоторые имена существительные, заимствованные из латинского и греческого языков, сохраняют формы множественного числа, которые они имеют в этих языках:

nucleas - ядро атома - nuclei -ядра атома;

datum - данная величина - data - данные о чем-либо;

curriculum -программа -curricula -программы.

В английском языке есть существительные, которые имеют только множественное число. Эти существительные согласуются с глаголом во множественном числе - Your spectacles are on the table.

К таким существительным относятся слова, обозначающие парные предметы, например: trousers - брюки; scissors - ножницы.

Некоторые существительные в английском языке употребляются только во множественном числе, а соответствующие существительные в русском языке употребляются в единственном числе, либо в единственном и множественном числе - clothes - одежда; goods - товар, товары; riches - богатство, богатства.

Кроме этого, имеются в английском языке существительные, употребляемые только в форме единственного числа. Таковы неисчисляемые имена существительные (отвлеченные, "вещественные" -friendship, peace, money, ink, sugar, weather и т.д.).

Некоторые неисчисляемые имена существительные в английском языке употребляются в единственном числе, а соответствующее существительное в русском языке употребляется либо во множественном числе, либо в единственном и множественном числах - advice - совет, советы; business - дело, дела; information - сведение, сведения; knowledge - знание, знания; progress - успех, успехи,

Задание 1. Образуйте множественное число следующих существительных:

1. box, match, ink, brush, page, bus, house;

2. ball, room, tie, tаblе, pencil;

3. light, book, cup, flat, hat;

4. child, man, woman;

5. family, factory, story, city.

Задание 2. П ереведите предложения на русский язык.

1.We sailed up the River Hudson towards the cities of New York and Brooklyn.

2.There were a lot of ships in the river mouth.

3.The passengers were as quiet as mice.

4. We were curious phenomena.

5. Their wives and children stared around like startled deer.

6. Children were as noisy as a flock of geese.

7.Sometimes men performed their duties like heroes.

Задание 3. Test. Выберите правильный ответ.

1. The... are on the wall. .

a) shelf b) shelves

2. My mother has got three...

a) child b)children

3. These … are important:

a) data b)datum

4.The news... interesting,
a)are b)is

5.There is... on the table.
a) a knife b) knives

6.These... are teachers.

a)women b)a woman

7. My trousers... new.

a) is b)are

8. There were many … in the forest.

a) a deer b)deer

9. My spectacles … on the desk.

a) are b)is

§ 2 Притяжательный падеж имен существительных.

Существительные в притяжательном падеже выражают принадлежность предмета и отвечают на вопрос чей? (whose?). Существительные в притяжательном падеже выполняют функцию определения.

В английском языке имя существительное имеет два падежа: общий (Common case), не имеющий окончания (a girl, а boу) и притяжательный (Possessive case), имеющий окончание 's у существительных в единственном числе или просто апостроф у существительного во множественном числе (friend's; friends').

Притяжательный падеж имен существительных во множественном числе образуется только прибавлением апострофа - My sisters' room - комната моих сестер.

Существительные, не имеющие окончания -s во множественном числе, при образовании притяжательного падежа принимают -'s -My children's room - комната моих детей.

В форме притяжательного падежа, как правило, употребляются только одушевленные существительные (My brother's room).

Принадлежность может быть выражена предлогом of; My friend's book - the book of my friend.

Задание 1. Употребите притяжательный падеж вместо фразы с предлогом "of".

1 .The name of his brother - in - law.

2. The books of his sister.

3. The surname of Jack and Jane. .

4. The children of these men.

5. The sister of the girl.

6. The profession of these men.

7. The toys of the twins.

8. The project of this engineer.

Задание 2. Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык.

Дом преподавателя, картины современных художников, планы рабочих, фамилии студентов, сын брата, дочь сестры, отец этих детей, мать этой девочки.

Задание 3. Test. Выберите правильный вариант.

1. It's only ... walk from my house to work.

a) ten minutes'

b) ten minute's

c) ten-minute

d) a ten minutes'

2.This is not ... flat, this is ... flat.

e) my wife, my wife's parents

f) my wife's, my wife's parents'

g) my wife's, my wife's parent's

h) my wife's, my wife parents

3. It was ... trip, and all of us enjoyed it.

a) two-weeks

b) a two-week

c) a two-weeks

d) a two-week's

4. ... meeting has been canceled.

a) tomorrow's

b) tomorrow

c) tomorrow'

d) the tomorrow's

5. Do you know ... name? Is he from China?

a) the teacher's

b)a teacher's

c) the teachers'

6. This is a ... book.

a) fifty pages'

b) fifty page

c) fifty pages

7. It is her... sweater.

a) sister's

b) sister

c) sisters

8. ... was interesting.

a) my friend story's

b)my friend story

c) the story of my friend

9. We enjoyed ... - very much.

a) the Sandra party

b)the Sandra's patty

c) Sandra's party

§3 Словообразование.

В английском языке существуют различные способы словообразования. Главными способами являются:

1) Аффиксация;

2) Конверсия; .

3) Словосложение. .

1) Аффиксация - это образование новой основы путем прибавления суффиксов или префиксов.

Суффиксы существительных

-tion to translate - translation

-tion to examine - examination

-ment to govern - government

-ist art-artist

-ness useful - usefulness

-(i)ty rare - rarity

-er, or explore - explorer

-dom free-freedom

-hood child - childhood

-ence depend - dependence

-ing read - reading

суффиксы прилагательных

-al nation - national

-ic history - historic

-able enjoy - enjoyable

-y health-healthy

-ful beauty - beautiful

суффиксы наречия

-ly regular- regularly

Задание 1. Прочтите и переведите на русский язык следующие слова

Acquaintance, description, explanation, invention, movement, laughter, novelist, forgetfulness.

Задание 2. Образуйте существительное от следующих слов, выбрав необходимый суффикс.

То punish (-tion, ment);

То discuss (-ion, tion);

Science (-ist, ment);

Cruel (-ness, ty);

Arrive (-er, al);

Begin (-ness, ing)

Задание 3. Test. Выберите правильный вариант.

1. Mike felt... after the trip.

a) exhausting

b) exhausted

c) exhaustedly

2. She seemed... to give any answer.

a) astonishing

b)too astonished

c) astonishingly

3. She looked at him…

a) carelessly

b) careful

c) disgusting

4. Tom tasted the soup ... and found it...

a) cautiously, delicious

b) cautious; delicious

c) cautious, deliciously

5. Three of these stems can form nouns ending in -ity,:e.g = electric - electricity. Find the one which cannot.

a) dens-

b) char-

c) tens-

d) scarc-

6. It looks very…

a) dangerous

b) dangerously

c) danger
Определите часть речи

7. She doesn't wear long skirts.

a) прилагательное

b) наречие

8. I can't stay here long .

a) прилагательное

b) наречие

9. You'd better have dinner.

a) существительное

b) глагол

§4 Предлоги места и направления.

Предлог - это служебное слово, выражающее различное отношение существительных или его эквивалентов к другим словам в предложениях. Предлоги употребляются перед словом, к которому оно относится.

Over

on

The book is on the table (на). The cat is in the box (в). The picture is over the sofa (над). The box is under the sofa (под). Go into the room (в). Go out of the room (из). Don't stand at the blackboard (y). Take the book from table (с, со). Sit down near me (около, возле).

Задание 1. Переведите предложения, обратив внимание на многозначность предлогов

Open your textbooks at page 7. Comrade A, come to the blackboard. Write down your homework for the next lesson. Write the words to my dictation. Check the translation with the dictionary. Change the sentences into negative. Form nouns from the following verbs. Meet him at 5 o'clock. There are a lot of workers at the factory. I saw him in April, in 1986.I saw him on the first of April, it was on Monday.

Задание 2 . Переведите словосочетания на английский язык, используя предлоги данные в скобках

Задать вопросы к предложению (on); слушать лекцию (to); идти на фабрику (to); идти из института (from); говорить с преподавателем (to); входить в зал (into); работать над проектом (at); смотреть на доску (at); благодарить за книгу (for); в середине (in); писать ручкой (with); выглядывать из окна (out of); зависеть от влияния (on); звонить по телефону (up).

Задание 3. Test. Выберите правильный вариант.

1. His office is...5, Regent Street,

a) on b) at c) in

2. ... the end of his speech he promised to love her... the rest of his life.

a) in, during, b) at, for c) in, for

3. Next month their salary will be raised ... five per cent.

a) by b) for c) at

4. Moscow can be very beautiful... early Sunday morning.

a) in the b)at c)on

5.I was warned ... his character. Her was moody and complained ... everything.

a) of, of b) about, of c) about, about

6.When he arrived ... Moscow, he rented a small flat... the top of the building …the corner of Tverskaya street.

a) in, on, on b)to, at, at c) in, at, at

7. The child was throwing stones ... pigeons, but his mother didn't look... him.

a) at, at b) at, to c)to, to

8. My flat is ... the second floor.

a) on b) at c) in

9. They are leaving ... Japan next week

a) for b)to c)from

Раздел 4

§ 1 Местоимения.

Местоимения - это слова, которые указывают на предметы и их качества. Они употребляются вместо имен существительных, прилагательных или числительных. По своему значению местоимения делятся на следующие группы:

Личные

Задание : Употребите личные местоимения: “I, he, she, it, we, you, they”.

1. … am a Frenchman. 2. He has two books. … are good. 3. The book is not yellow. … is grey. 4. Are … a cadet? 5. You and I are English. … are Russian. 6. … is her uncle. 7. … is a judge. 8. Are … from Japan?

Притяжательные

Задание: Употребите притяжательные местоимения: “my, your, his, her, its, our, their”.

1. Mr. and Mrs. Reed have two children. Both … children are girls. 2. Miss Black is a doctor. … students are German. 3. They are French. … friends are English. 4. I have a small dog. … dog is very funny. 5. My son has a cat. … cat is short. 6. My parents have a new car. … car is very nice. 7. Jack has a new bag. … bag is very big.

Указательные.

Вопросительные Относительные (союзные)

Возвратные

Неопределенные - личная форма - oneself

Неопределенные

Some - какой-то, некоторые, немного

Any—какой-то, любой

One - некто, некий, кто-то

All - все, весь, вся, все

Each - каждый

Each - каждый, всякий

Other- другой, другие

Another— другой, другие

Both - оба

Many - много, многие

Much - много

Few - мало, немногие

Little - мало, немногие

Either—тот или другой

Задание 1. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Укажите к какой группе относятся местоимения..

We are at the Institute now. I want to study at this school. Her sister has got many toys. There are some books on the table. Who is on duty today? Give him his book. I found no mistakes in your translation. Nobody knew about it.

Местоимения some, any, no и их производные .

Задание 1. Заполните пропуски, вставив одно из слов, данных в скобках.

We haven't... black stockings (no, any). They have ... red boots, Kate (any, no). I don't want... today, thank you (nothing, anything). «I haven't got... clean exercise - books, Mother», - said the boy (any, no). "We shall not buy ... in this shop, children",- said the mother (nothing, anything). Didn't you buy ... potatoes yesterday? (any, no). I didn't see ... in the street when I went out (anybody, nobody). We did not play ... games in the yard, because it was raining all day long (no, any). There is... at home (anybody, nobody). How much did you pay for there boots? - I didn't pay ... . They are a present from my grandmother (nothing, anything). Have you last ... (anything, nothing). No, nobody here has last... (nothing, anything).

Особенности употребления неопределенных местоимений much, many, little, a little, few, a few.

Местоимения much (много, многое), little (мало), a little (немного) употребляются с неисчисляемыми существительными, a many (много, многие), few (мало), a few (несколько) - с исчисляемыми существительными во множественном числе.

Сравните: much, work - many days; little ink - few books

Местоимения a little, a few означают некоторое количество, несколько -I like a little milk with my coffee.

Местоимения little, few означают мало - I have few friends in this town.

Местоимения much, many, little, few изменяются по степени сравнения:

Задание 1 . Вставьте little, a little, few, a few

I have ... money, so we can go to the cinema. This girl works very..., and she knows nothing. Mother gave us ... apples, and we were very glad. He had ...friends at the camp, and he was not happy.

Задание 2. Вставьте much, many.

Please, don't put... pepper on the meat. There were ...plates on the table. I never eat... bread with soup. Why did you eat so ... ice-cream? She wrote us ... letters from the sanatorium. ... of these students don't like to look up words in the dictionary. ...in this work was difficult for me.... of their answers were excellent;

Задание 3. Test. Выберите правильный вариант

1. He doesn't have... money.

a) much b) many c) little .

2.1 would like... salt on my vegetables.

a) a few b) a little c) few

3. There are ... students in this room and there are ... students in that one.

a) little, many b) much, little c)few, many

4. Have you got... money?

a) any b)few c)a few

5.There's no need to hurry. We have ... time.
a) any b) little c) a little

6. Last year we had ... than this year.

a) fewer students and money .

b) less money and students

c) fewer students and less money

7. She wanted to serve some coffee to her guests, but she didn't have ... sugar

a) some b) little c)much

8. She hasn't got ...information .
a) much b) many c) few

9. Benny has (меньше) toys than Bill

a) less b) fewer c) least

Задание 4. Вставьте some, any, no, something, anything, nothing, somebody, anybody, nobody.

1. Do they have … classes today? – No, they have … classes on Monday. 2. Has she got … questions? 3. I want to tell you … interesting about our friend Kate. 4. Is there … interesting in today’s newspaper? 5. Come here, I’ll show you … picture of our country-house. 6. There is … important in the letter. 7. You must do … to improve your English. 8. Hi! Is there … in the class? – No, I’m afraid, … is. 9. There is light in the house. … is at home. 10. … knows their new address.

§ 2 Прилагательное.

Прилагательные обозначают признаки, качества или свойства предметов. В английском языке имеются простые, производные и составные (сложные) прилагательные.

Простые прилагательные - nice, green, small.

Производные (прилагательные с суффиксами и префиксами) - dirty, friendly, unknown.

Сложные (составные) - red - hot; good - looking.

По значению прилагательные делятся на две группы - качественные (обозначающие признаки и качества предметов) - red, big; относительные (обозначающие признаки и качества предметов через отношение к другим предметам)- a wooden house, a grammatical exercise.

Степени сравнения прилагательных

В английском языке существует 3 степени сравнения прилагательных: положительная, сравнительная, превосходная. Различают образование степеней сравнения односложных и многосложных прилагательных.

Степени сравнения односложных прилагательных образуются при помощи суффикса: -еr для сравнительной степени; -est для превосходной - short-shorter-the shortest.

Многосложные прилагательные образуют степени сравнения при помощи слов more для сравнительной степени и the most для превосходной степени - interesting-more interesting - the most interesting.

Существуют прилагательные, степени сравнения которых надо запомнить:

например: good-better-the best; bad-worse-the worst.

Для выражения степени качества используются сложные парные союзы: as ... as (такой же ... как); not so ... as ( не такой ... как)

Задание 1 . Образуйте степени сравнения от прилагательных - long, large, thick, comfortable, cheap, expressive, young, difficult, hot.

Задание 2. Сравните, используя

а) структуру not so... as

In summer the trees are as beautiful as in autumn. Your friend's room is as big as yours. During the holiday the students are as busy as during the academic year.

б) структуру as... as

Lesson 2 is not so difficult as lesson 1. This magazine is not so thick as that book. The flowers in spring are not so beautiful as in summer. There are not so many cars and buses in this street as in the centre of the city.

§3 Числительные.

Количественные числительные отвечают на вопрос How many?Сколько?

Суффикс -teen служит для образования количественных числительных от 13 до 19 - four + teen = fourteen.

Суффикс -ty для образования десятков от 20 до 90 - seven + ty = seventy.

Порядковые числительные отвечают на вопрос Which? Который? (по порядку). Они образуются, от соответствующих количественных числительных с помощью суффикса -th - seven - the seventh (семь - седьмой); six - the sixth (шесть - шестой).

В составных числительные единицы присоединяются к десяткам через дефис - 47- forty-seven, а между сотнями к десяткам стоит союз and - 255 -two hundred and fifty-five.

Хронологические, даты обозначаются количественными числительными-1917-nineteen seventeen.

Десятичные дроби читаются: 3,2- three point two; 23,06 - two three (twenty three) point zero six.

Задание 1. Прочитайте по-английски

-20,60,90,381,500,1700,1985,3,08,10,92.

Задание 2 . Ответьте на вопросы в соответствии с реальной ситуацией.

1. What day is it today?

2.What month is it now?

3.What date is it today?

4.What are the days of the week?

Задание 3. Test. Выберите правильный вариант

1. His job is... than his friend's

a)as important

b)less important

c)most important

2. Last week was ... as this week

a)hotter

b)more hot

c)as hot

4. He always comes... for the class

a) late

b) lately

c) more lately

4. His dog runs ... than mine

a) fastly

b) more fastly

c) faster

5. Does Fred feel... today than he did yesterday?

a) good

b) better

c) much well

6. John says that his car goes...

a) as fastly as his friend's car . .

b) so fast as

c) as fast as his friend's

7. Of the two new teachers, one...

a) is more experienced than other

b) is the most experienced

c) is not so experienced as the other

8. The more she worked, ...

a) better student did she become

b) she became a better student

c) the better she studied

9. Can you drive a bit ...

a) slow

b) slower

c) slowly

Раздел 5

Глаголы to be, to have.

1. Глагол to be (быть, являться, заключаться, состоять), имеет следующие формы в простом настоящем, простом прошедшем и простом будущем временах:

В вопросительных предложениях глагол to be употребляется перед подлежащим:

Is he a driver? - Yes, he is (No, he isn't)

Were you a student? - Yes, I was (No, I wasn't).

В отрицательных предложениях отрицание not ставится после глагола to be:

We are not pupils.

They were not doctors.

Задание 1 . Составьте предложения, ставя глагол to be в нужную форму :

Задание 2. Раскройте скобки и поставьте глагол to be в соответствующую форму в зависимости от смысла:

Не ... in Kiev last week. Now my sister ... a student of the University. They... at their office yesterday morning. Next month he ... in St. Petersburg. She ... at home now. Yesterday ... my day off. You ... a good pupil now.

Задание 3. Test. Выберите правильный вариант

1.He ... a pupil 20 years ago.

a) was b) is

2.I... a doctor when I grow up.

a) am b) was

3. Yesterday we ... at the theatre.

a) were b) are

4.All my family... at home tomorrow.

a) is b) will be

5.... are engineers.

a) he b)they

6.... is a little girl.

a) his daughter b) my grandson.

7.Yesterday several students ... absent from the lecture.

a) was b) were

8.He ... in St. Petersburg tomorrow

a) was b) will be

Задание 4. Переведите предложения, употребляя глагол to be в соответствующей форме.

1. Мне восемнадцать лет. В прошлом году мне было семнадцать.

2. Я не опаздываю в институт. Мои друзья вчера опоздали на занятия.

3. Какой урок будет следующий?

4. Моя сестра была больна.

5. Они устают после работы.

6. Мои друзья не были плохими учениками.

7. Он студент?

8. Он не был в классе во время перемены.

9. Будет ли он дома после института?

10. Это будет трудно?

II. Глагол to have (иметь, владеть, обладать) имеет следующие формы в простом настоящем, простом прошедшем и простом будущем временах:

Вопросительные и отрицательные формы глагола to have образуются:

1) Present Indefinite - вопросительная :

a) have ставится перед подлежащим - Have you a sister?

b) с помощью вспомогательных глаголов do/does - Do you have breakfast?

отрицательная :

a) отрицательное no или not - I have no book. He has not a family.

b) с помощью вспомогательных глаголов do/does not - They don't have breakfast.

2) Past Indefinite - вопросительная :

a) с помощью вспомогательного глагола did - Did you have a sister?

отрицательная :

a) с помощью вспомогательного глагола did not (didn't) - She didn't have a family.

3) Future Indefinite - вопросительная :

a) с помощью вспомогательных глаголов shall/will - Shall I have much work to do at home?

b) с помощью вспомогательных глаголов shall/will+not - I shall not have my English tomorrow.

Примечание: В разговорной речи в простом настоящем времени вместо have употребляется have got: Have you got children?

Задание 1. Заполните пропуски, выбрав из правой колонки соответствующую форму глагола.

Задание 2. Поставьте в вопросительную форму.

We had English classes yesterday. My father has a brother. I've got much work to do now. We had supper at 6. We shall have an English class tomorrow.

Задание 3. Переведите предложения, употребляя глагол to have в соответствующей форме.

1. У меня есть два брата.

2. У моего друга есть собака.

3. У нас будет английский язык завтра.

4. У них будет новая машина.

5. У нее было хорошее пальто.

6. У наших друзей будет скоро телевизор.

7. У нас завтра не будет занятий.

8. У нашей школы не было своего спортзала.

9. У моих родителей двое детей: сын и дочь.

10. У меня есть семья.

Задание 4. Test. Выберите правильный ответ.

1. He … two pets at home.

a) have b)has

2. I … an English class yesterday.

a) had b) shall have

3. … you have lunch today?

a) did b) do

4. … you got a family?

a) have b) has

5. They … a dictation tomorrow.

a) will have b)had

6. When … you usually have time to go to the cinema?

a) did b) do

7. Which of your friends … got a family?

a) hasn't b) haven't

8. Did she … an accident?

a) had b) have

Раздел 6

Времена группы " Indefinite"

Времена группы "Indefinite" употребляются для выражения действия, которое совершается или будет совершаться постоянно, является обычным повторяющимся действием.

Примечание: если в предложениях группы Indefinite употребляются вспомогательные глаголы to be или другой, то вопросительные и отрицательные предложения строятся при помощи этих глаголов.

He is a student. - Is he a student?

Задание 1. Закончите предложения, включив отрицательную форму того же глагола.

Example: I study English. I do not study English.

1. We study after school; we … on Sundays.

2. John lived in the city; he … in the village.

3. Peter likes to read; he … to write.

4. Gregory helped his sister; he … his brother.

5. Mary will ride the train; I … ride the bus.

6. Sarah plays clarinet; he … piano.

Задание 2. Переведите глагол в простое прошедшее время. Не забудьте изменить выделенные слова.

1. I go to the library every day .

2. We watch a movie every week .

3. James pays the bills on Mondays .

4. My mother makes bread on the weekend .

5. I read two books every week .

6. We like the class today .

7. Fabian eats chinese food on Sundays .

8. I play the piano in the morning .

Задание 2. Поставьте эти предложения в отрицательную и вопросительную формы.

1. They will go to France next year.

2. Samuel will be at school tomorrow.

3. I'll be late for work.

4. My doctor will give me some medicine.

5. You'll arrive on time.

6. She'll take the train to work.

7. Mary will meet you tomorrow.

Задание 3. Test. Выберите правильный ответ.

1. First she didn't like ice-cream, but she … now.

a) is b)does c)do

2. She never meets classes, …?

a) did she b) didn't she c) was she

3. How often does she … her gas-stove?

a) clean b)cleans c)cleaning

4. Он рисует портреты или пейзажи?

a) He paints portraits or landscapes?

b) Does he paints portraits or landscapes?

c) He paints portraits or landscapes, doesn't he?

5. Did she … an accident?

a) had b) have c) has

6. Who … in the White House?

a) live b) does live c) lives

7. Дождя не будет.

a) It won't rain.

b) The rain won't be.

c) It won't be rain.

8. Я не согласен с вами.

c)I'm not agree with you.

d)I'm not agree with you.

e)I don't agree with you.

9.Did the women hear the news? - Yes, ...

a) she-was b) she did c) they did.

Раздел 7

Времена группы "Continuous"

Времена группы "Continuous" обозначают действие, которое происходит в момент речи, происходило в какой-то отрезок времени в прошлом или будет происходить в определенный момент в будущем.

Задание 1. Употребите правильную форму вспомогательного глагола to be.

1. Where ... you going? -I ... going to the supermarket.

2.I ... thinking about the dress I sew in the shop-window yesterday.

3. We ... going to be late. The shop will be closed.

4.... you going to the baker's? - Buy a loaf of bread for me, please.

5. We ... driving too fast and didn't see the traffic lights.

6. Не … choosing an umbrella too long but didn't buy any.

7. I hope it ... not raining tomorrow. It's our shopping day.

8. He ... celebrating his birthday tomorrow. Let's go and buy him some present.

9. What... you looking for? -I ... trying to find a Christmas present for my wife.

Задание 2. Поставьте глагол, указанный в скобках, в Present, Past, Future Continuous.

1.Where you (to go)? -1 (to go) to the supermarket. I want to buy some food.

2.The Browns (to come) to see us tonight. Go and buy some sweets and a cake.

3.Where is Ann? - She (to do) the flat-Tomorrow is Nick's birthday.

4.What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday? -I (to draw) pictures for my little daughter.

5.You (to watch.) TV? - No, I am not. Switch it on quickly. They (to show) your dancing group.

6.When I (to walk) in the park yesterday I saw a small dog who (to lie) under a tree and (to look) at me. I decided to take it home. Tomorrow we'll have a party. What dress you (to wear)?

-I don't know yet.

Задание З. Употребите глагол в правильной форме (Indefinite or Continuous)

Rainy Sunday.

It was Sunday. I never (to get up) early on Sundays. I sometimes (to stay) in bed until lunchtime. Last Sunday I (to get up) very late. I (to look) out of the Window, it (to be) dark outside. "What a day! I (to think) " It (to rain) again "Just then the telephone (to ring) It (to be) my aunt Lucy." I (to be) at the station I (to come) to see you", "But I still (to have) breakfast", I (to say). "What you (to do)?" she (to ask). "I (to have) breakfast," 1 (to repeat). "Dear me?" she (to say). "You always (to get up) so late? It (to be) one o'clock"

Задание 4. Test, выберите правильный ответ.

1. Are you reviewing verb forms?

a) Yes, I do b) Yes, you are c) Yes, we are.

2. When I met her last she (искала) a job

a) looked for b) was looking for c) is looking for.

3. Это Боб идет? Интересно, куда он так торопится

a) Present Indefinite

b) Present Continuous

c) Future Indefinite.

4. 1 see tears in your eyes. Why …?

a) are you tearing b) were you shouting c) do you cry.

5. When is he ...?

a) getting up b)gets up c)get up.

6. He ... when I rang him up.

a) was sleeping b) is sleeping c) slept.

7. Что он слушает?

a) What he is listening to?

b) What is he listening to?

c) What is he listening for?

8. John ... right now.

a) is swimming b) swim c) swims

10. Gene ... dinner when his friend called.

11.a) ate b) was eating c) was eaten.

Раздел 8

Времена группы "Perfect"

Времена группы "Perfect" выражают действие, завершившееся к определенному моменту в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем времени или предшествующее этому моменту, и результат действия налицо.

to have + Participle II

Задание 1. Дополните предложения, используя Present Perfect. Model:

It's cold in the room (the window (be open) for a long time).

The window has been opened for a long time.

1. Peter isn't in class (he (be ill) for a week).

2. She doesn't know the way there (she (never) be there).

3. He knows English well (he (live in England) for three years).

4. How is he? (I (not to see him) lately).

5. There is nobody in the house (Everybody (to leave).

6. I am not hungry (I (have lunch / already).

7. 1 don't need the menu (I (make an order).

Задание 2. Раскройте скобки, используя A: Past Perfect; В: Future Perfect.

A:

1.She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already).

2.When we came the performance (to begin).

3.He went to bed as soon as time (to switch off the TV-set).

4.By the end of the year she (to play in two films).

5.When they came home the football match (to finish).

6.By the time the producer arrived the actress (to learn her part).

7.She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam).

B:

1. When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up).

2.By the -end of this year I (to learn English very well).

3.If you come at 9 the concert (to finish).

4.We mustn't be late. They (to eat everything) by the time we come.

5.Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them).

6.When you go out it (to stop raining).

7.By the end of May she (to pass all the exams).

Задание 3. Test. Выберите правильный ответ.

1. Have all passed the exams? Who of you …?

a) hadn't b) hasn't c) didn't.

2. Is it raining? - No, it... raining.

a) had stopped b) has stopped c) stopped

3. He … from Boston. - Neither has she.

a) has returned b) hasn't returned c) didn't return.

4. Где вы пропадали все это время?

a) Where have you been all this time?

b) Where did you be all this time?

c) Where did you were all this time?

5. Мы не могли остановиться в отеле, т.к. потратили все деньги.

a) Past Indefinite

b) Present Perfect

c) Past Perfect.

6. I've known him ... .

a) for five years

b) five years

c) since five years.

7. Едва я заснул , как раздался лай собаки.

a) Past Indefinite

b) Past Perfect

c) Present Perfect.

8. She ... a teacher for five years.

a) 's b) 's being c) 's been.

9. Why didn't you listen to that play on the radio? - Because …

a) I heard it before

b) 1 had heard it before

c) I have heard it before.

Раздел 9

Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

Модальные глаголы выражают не действие, а способность, возможность или долженствование его совершения. Инфинитив смыслового глагола, следующий за модальными глаголами, употребляется без частицы to, а после их эквивалентов - с частицей to: to be able (to), to-have (to), to be (to), to be allowed (to).

В вопросительной форме модальный глагол ставится в предложении перед подлежащим:

May I come in? - Yes, you may.

В отрицательной форме отрицательная частица not ставится после модального глагола:

Не can't speak English well.

Modal verbs

Задание. 1. Употребите нужный модальный глагол: can , could, be able (to), must, had (to).

It was late autumn. A hungry Fox was walking about the forest looking for something to eat, but he ... find nothing. Then he came up to the lake. "There ... be some fish", he thought, "if I ... catch one I shall ... to have a good dinner". He saw a few fishes but they were swimming too fast. But the fox ... not swim. "How ... I catch them?" he thought and said, "Little fishes!" - "We ... not hear you." - "Come nearer, you ... come on land and live in peace as I do. You ... always find something to eat in the forest and you will ... to meet many friends." - "He ... be so stupid if he tells us to come on land," - thought the fishes.

Задание 2. Переведите на, английский язык, употребляя подходящие по смыслу модальные глаголы (can, can't, may, must, needn't, shouldn't).

Она, должно быть, дома сейчас. Она, должно быть, была дома вчера. Мы, может быть, придем к вам завтра. Они, может быть, приходили к нам вчера, но нас не было дома. Он, должно быть, видел этот памятник, когда был в вашем городе. Не может быть, чего он знает эту картину. Ты можешь пойти туда; я не возражаю. Ты можешь не ходить туда: я могу им позвонить. Ты не должен идти туда: они очень плохие люди. Тебе следовало пойти туда вчера. Тебе не следовало ходить туда вчера.

Задание 3. Test. Выберите правильный ответ.

1. Kate didn't come to class yesterday. She ... have had an accident.

a) will b) may c)should.

2. Robert arrived without his wallet. He ... have lost it.

a)could b) would c) should.

3. Thomas received a warning for speeding. He ... have driven so fast?

a) needn't b)might c) shouldn't.

4. He knows that he ... eat sugar. When he does eat sugar, he always feels bad.

a)can't b) shouldn't c) mustn't.

5. Joan did very badly on the exam. She ... have studied harder.

a) should b)must c) ought.

6. Alexis failed the exam. He ... have studied more.

a) need b) must c) could.

7. Why are you late? - I'm sorry I … .

a) couldn't find a taxi

b) didn't have to find a taxi .

c) didn't found a taxi.

8.When Bobby gets out of hospital he (сможет) to play tennis again.

a) can b) will be able c) could.

9. May he ...there?
a) go b) goes c) going.

Раздел 10

Страдательный залог.

Страдательный залог (Passive Voice). В английском языке глаголы могут иметь два залога: действительный (Active Voice) и страдательный (Passive Voice).

Когда субъект действия (подлежащие) является активным, т.е. действует, то сказуемое выражается в форме действительного залога, а когда субъект действия (подлежащее) является пассивным, т.e. когда действие направлено на субъект, сказуемое выражается глаголом в страдательном залоге.

I write letters every day. - Я пишу письма каждый день (A.V.).

These letters are written by me. - Эти письма написаны мной (P.V)

Страдательный залог - образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и причастия II смыслового глагола (3-я форма глагола).

Сводная таблица употребления времен в страдательном залоге.

Если в функции сказуемого в страдательном залоге употребляются глаголы с предлогами, например: to send for, to speak about, to act on и др., то при переводе на русский язык этот предлог ставится перед подлежащим: The doctor was sent for. - За доктором послали.

Если указывается, лицо или предмет производящий действие, то он вводится предлогами, by или with, выражающими значение творительного падежа кем? чем? - It was done by him with a knife.

Способы перевода сказуемого в страдательном залоге:

1) Глаголом с возвратной частицей и -сь", "-ся"

Bread is sold at the baker's - Хлеб продается в булочной.

2) Неоределенно-личным предложением

Dinner was served at 6. - Обед подали в б часов.

3) Сочетание глагола "быть" в прошедшем или будущем времени с кратким причастием.

The letter was sent yesterday. - Письмо было послано вчера.

4) Действительным залогом, если нет эквивалента страдательного залога в русском языке.

The institute is entered by many foreigners. - Многие иностранцы поступают в этот институт.

Задание 1. Употребите правильную форму глагола "to be"

Newspapers ... brought every morning. This book ... sold in every shop of Moscow. Only English ... spoken in this country. The letter ... delivered yesterday. My TV-set … … fixed tomorrow. By whom ... this article translated? The President of the US … elected every four years. Moscow ... founded in 1147. We … … taken on a sightseeing tour in the afternoon.

Задайте 2. Напишите следующие предложения в страдательном залоге.

I took him for a walk. She will forget your telephone number. We shall book tickets tomorrow. We met her at the corner of the street. We discuss such problems at our meeting. They will build a new cinema in this street. A young architect designed that beautiful building. I rang my friend up.

Задание З. Откройте скобки и поставьте глагол в нужное время действительного или страдательного залогов.

Many new houses (to build) in our town every year. My invitation (to accept) with pleasure by them today. After the results of their work (to publish) we (to find out) that the device constructed by one of our engineers (to use) by them. A new stadium (to build) now quite near my house. The experimental laboratory (to build) by 1990. He (to agree) to take part in the research work after he (to find out) that it (to connect) with the improvement of automated control systems. I (to bring) you the dictionary when we rang them up the plan still (to discuss). Lectures which (to take place) at our club always (to attend) by a lot of people last year. The experiment (to watch) by the students now.

Задание 4. Test. Выберите правильный ответ.

1. By the end of the century the telephone … .

a) was invented b) had been invented c) has been invented.

2. Девочек учат домашнему хозяйству.

a) The girls teach to do the housework.

b) The girls are taught to do the housework.

e) The girls are taught by doing the housework.

3. Several wonderful museums ... to us.

a) have been shown b) showed c) were showing.

4. I … since childhood.

a) am playing the piano

b) have played on the piano

c) have been playing the piano

5. Пассажирам подадут кофе.

a) The passengers will be served by coffee.

b) The passengers will serve coffee.

c) The passengers will be served coffee.

6. Их адрес нам еще не дали.

a) Their address hasn't been given us yet.

b) Their address hasn't been given to us yet.

c) They haven't given us their address.

7. John Kennedy ... in I960.

a) was elected b) had been elected c) elected

8. The students ... the teacher.

a) are being listened to by

b) are being listened to

c) are listened

9. Прежде чем я переехал, квартиру выкрасили.

a) painted

b) had been painted

c) was painted

Раздел 11

Причастие I, II

Задание 1. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, определите функцию причастий в предложении.

1. The boy running there is my sister’s son.

2. He stopped before a closed door.

3. The example given by you is not quite good.

4. When asked he brought the papers.

5. While leaving school he worked a great deal at his English.

6. The man called Peter came up to us.

7. A car driving by a woman came along the road.

8. We watched the teacher writing a sentence on the blackboard.

Задание 2. Измените следующий глагол, используя обороты с причастием вместо придаточных предложений.

The people who live in this old block of flats will soon get new flats. The question which is being discussed now is very important for the organization of our future work. As we had a lot of time, we did not hurry. The woman who is being painted just now is a famous actress. After I had read the book I returned it to the library. While she was looking at his picture she was thinking of the progress he had made. Young artists who are taking part in this exhibition have graduated from the Institute quite recently.

Задание 3. Измените структуру предложений в соответствии с образцами.

a) Model: While they were travelling in Europe they visited France and Italy.

While travelling in Europe, they visited France and Italy. While they were riding they passed by villages and birch groves. While they were discussing the problem they had to look through a lot of papers. While he was having breakfast he listened to the latest news. When he was driving to the airport he got into a traffic jam.

d) Model: The story which was told by the teacher was long. The story told by the teacher was long. The reports, which were made at the conference, were rather interesting. Here is the dictionary which was left by somebody in this room. The books which are borrowed from the library, may be kept for ten days. Cities and towns, which were destroyed during the war, were built now.

Задание 4. Test. Выберите правильный ответ.

1. ... from the Institute my brother decided to go to work in the Far East.

a) having graduated b) graduating c) graduated

3. The man ... a report is a good speaker.

a) made b) making c) is making

3. When … about the exhibition held in the Picture Gallery, the young man said that he had admired it greatly.

a) asked b) being asked c) having asked

4. The performance … at 6 ended at 11.

a) begun b) began c) is beginning

5. ...the device was put into production

a) is testing b) tested c)having been tested

6. The building of the new cinema … in our street just now is of mod­ern design.

a) built b) being built c) having been built

7. The ... method is very effective.

a) described b) is describing c) describing

8. They saw a ... plane

a) flew b) is flying c).flying

9. When ... this article was sent to the editor.

a) translated

b) have translated

c) translates

Раздел 12

Герундий.

Герундий (the Gerund) - неличная форма глагола, выражающая процесс действия и совмещающая в себе свойства глагола и существительного.

Формы Герундия.

Функции Герундия и перевод.

Герундий в функции обстоятельства всегда употребляется с предлогами. Герундий употребляется после некоторых глаголов, словосочетаний и составных предлогов, например:

Would you mind ... - Будьте любезны

I do not mind ... - Я не возражаю

It is worth … - Стоит (что-либо делать)

I cannot help ... - Я не могу не

to succeed in ... - удаваться

to fail ... - потерпеть неудачу

to insist on ... - настаивать

to prevent from ... - мешать

to be afraid of ... -бояться

to be sure of … - быть уверенным

to be surprised at ... - удивлять (ся) . .

due to …- по причине, благодаря

in spite of ...- Несмотря на

instead of ... - вместо того чтобы

Например: Do you mind my smoking?

This book is worth reading?

Отглагольное существительное.

Отглагольное существительное отличается от глагольных форм на -ing наличием артикля, предлога of, стоящего после него, и формой множественного числа на -s. Оно переводится на русский язык существительным: the building оf a new society - построение нового общества.

Отличие PI от Герундия.

1. Причастие I, в функции определений обозначает, что существительное выполняет действие, например: a dancing girl - a girl who dances.

Герундий показывает место или предмет для выполнения действия.

A dancing hall - a hall for dancing.

2. Если форма глагола на -ing употребляется как подлежащее, дополнение или предикатив - это Герундий, Например: Our aim is speaking English well (герундий).

3. Герундий в функции обстоятельства употребляется с предлогом; если предлога нет, то это - причастие, которое употребляется с союзами «when» или «while». После глаголов to keep, to begin, to start, to continue, to go on употребляется Герундий, например: On seeing me she smiled - герундий; Seeing me she smiled - причастие.

Задание 1. Переведите следующие предложения и определите, каким членом предложения является герундий.

1. I think of spending my next summer holidays in the Caucasus.

2. Everybody was surprised at seeing him there.

3. We didn’t succeed in getting tickets for the football match.

4. She is always afraid of catching cold.

5. Swimming in warm weather is always pleasant.

6. Before leaving for London I shall let you know.

7. This film is not worth seeing.

8. The risk of taking part in the contest was great.

Задание 2. Составьте предложения по образцам, используя данные в скобках глаголы.

Образец:

You can learn to shoot (to shoot).

You can learn to shoot by shooting.

You can improve your English (to read a lot, to learn grammar, to work with a tape-recorder).

You will help us (to take part in this work, to give us your advice)

He can improve his health (to go in for sports, to do morning exercises).

Задание 3. Используйте сложные герундиальные обороты в придаточных предложениях по образцу:

Образец: Не wrote that he would arrive soon. He wrote of his arriving soon.

1. Speak to me before you go home. 2. He insists that we should accept the invitation (to insist on). 3. Do you mind if I take the book? 4.I was afraid that you would be late. 5. We were sure that the exhibition was a success.

Задание 4. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите, какой частью речи являются выделенные слова: а) герундием, 6) причастием, в) отглагольным существительным.

I remember having met him in the south. He thanked her for her coming . When coming into the hall I saw a group of people standing in the middle. The writing of letters usually takes a lot of time. The experiment being demonstrated , all the students watched it attentively. The street leading t o our house is very wide. While travelling one sees a lot of interesting things. He prefers painting in oil. The making o f his artistic style was a long process.

Задание 5. Test. Выберите правильный ответ.

1. I cannot help... wondering what she sees in him.

a) - b) from c) by.

2. I don't ... wearing old things,

a) care b) complain c) mind.

3. I am afraid ... taking his colleagues too much for granted.

a) at b)of c)in.

4. Вы боитесь летать?

a) Are you afraid of flying?

b) Do you afraid to fly?

c) Are you afraid flying?

5. She succeeded … mastering her speciality.

a) in b)of c)at.

6. They are fond of....

a) going shopping b) to go shopping c) going to shop.

7.He isn't interested in ... money, his family is rich.

a) to earn b) earning c) earn.

8.He was arrested ... a car

a) for stealing b) so as to steal c) for steal.

9) I enjoy ... alone.

a) to live b) living c) live.

Раздел 13

Сложноподчиненные предложения

Сложноподчиненным называется сложное предложение, состоящее из двух или более предложений, которые связаны между собой способом подчинения, т.е. одно предложение выполняет функцию главного, а другое подчинено ему. Подчиненное предложение называется придаточным.

Типы придаточных предложений

Задание 1. Изучив таблицу, переведите предложения на русский язык. Определите тип придаточного предложения.

1. That she has not come is strange.

2. The matter is that I am not ready yet.

3. He asked me if I studied English.

4. The man whom you see is my brother.

5. This is the house in which I live.

6. Whether he will come is not known.

7. When I come home I take a rest.

8. I did not come yesterday because I was ill.

9. If I am busy I shall not do it.

10. I haven’t seen him since we finished school.

Задание 2. Дополните предложения подходящим по смыслу придаточным. Переведите на русский язык.

Правило согласования времен

В английском языке время глагола придаточного предложения зависит от главного предложения.

Если сказуемое главного предложения стоит в одной из форм настоящего или будущего времени, то и в придаточном предложении употребляется требуемое по смыслу время. Если же сказуемое главного предложения выражено глаголом в форме прошедшего времени, то сказуемое придаточного предложения обязательно должно быть употреблено в одной из форм прошедшего времени.

1) для выражения действия, одновременного с действием главного предложения, в придаточном употребляется Past Indefinite или Past Continuous.

I was sure that the children knew it.

2) для выражения предшествующего действия в придаточном предложении употребляется Past Perfect.

I was sure that I had chosen the profession right.

3) для выражения последующего действия в придаточных предложениях употребляется Future-in the-Past, которое образуется из формы Past Indefinite вспомогательных глаголов shall и will (should, would) и инфинитив спрягаемого глагола без «to».

I was sure that the children would read the text.

Задание 1. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на согласование времен.

1. He asked my why I had decided to become a lawyer.

2. He said that after graduating from the Institute he would work in the city.

3. The Dean said that we should get diplomas next year.

4. She knew that he was busy.

5. The Dean said that they would choose the candidate after the lecture.

Задание 2. Употребите глаголы в соответствующей форме в следующих предложениях.

1. I thought that you (to arrive) at some decision.

2. We did not remember that he (to repeat) that speech from memory.

3. I did not know if you (to apply) for this job.

4. They said they (to work) 7 hours a day.

5. I did not know my bag (to disappear).

6. She asked me if I (to get on) well with my classes.

7. I was sure that his brother (to leave) home.

8. She discovered that we (to be taken) by surprise.

9. I knew that our teacher (to be) a well-educated person.

Topic “My family”

Vocabulary:

surname – фамилия

husband – муж

large – большой

parents – родители

old-age pensioner – пенсионер по старости

to work as a lawyer (a militiaman) – работать юристом (милиционером)

to be fond of books (music, sport) – увлекаться книгами (музыкой, спортом)

to take care of smb. – заботиться о ком-либо

to study by correspondence – учиться заочно

to be born – родиться

to be married – быть женатым (замужем)

to be single – быть холостым

to do well – успевать

to serve in the army – служить

Read and translate the text .

My family

My name is Nina Ivanovna. My surname is Petrova. I was born on the 5 May, 1967. I live in Barnaul. My family is not very large. I have got a husband, two children and parents.

My husband’s name is Alexander Petrovich. He is fourty years old. He works at the Law Court as a judge. He likes his work very much, because he is a good specialist. He spends a lot of time reading books on Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure.

My elder son is eighteen years old. He studies at the University. He is a first – year student. He is especially good at Psychology.

My daughter is a schoolgirl. She studies in the fourth form. My daughter is a good pupil and she is fond of music.

My parents don’t work now. They are old-age pensioners. They look after the house and take care of all of us.

Now I work as an investigator of the Criminal Investigation Department. I handle the problems of crime detection and criminal investigation. I am proud of my profession. I study by correspondence at the Barnaul Law Institute. I’m a first-year student.

Our family is very friendly and united. We like to discuss different problems of our life and politics, watch TV or listen to music.

Answer the questions.

1. What is her name?

2. Is her family large or small?

3. What does her family consist of?

4. What is her husband’s name?

5. Where does he work?

6. How does he spend his time?

7. Do they have children?

8. What does their elder son do?

9. What is he especially good at?

10. Is their daughter a schoolgirl?

11. Does she have parents?

12. The parents look after the house, don’t they?

13. Where does she work?

14. Is she proud of her profession?

15. Is their family friendly and united?

Topic “My Institute”

Vocabulary

training - учить, обучать, готовить

academic training - теоретическое обучение

comprehensive training - всестороннее обучение

advanced training - подготовка повышенного, продвинутого типа

day department - дневное отделение

post-graduate department - адьюнктура, аспирантура

correspondence department - заочное отделение

refresher course - ф-т повышения квалификации

curriculum - учеба учебный план

to acquire knowledge / skills - приобретать знания, навыки

to master practical skills - овладеть практическими навыками

to attend lectures, seminars, instructions / exercises - посещать лекции, семинары, практические занятия

to develop professional skills - развивать профессиональные навыки

to provide with basic legal knowledge - давать базовые юридические знания

to fulfill responsibilities / duties - выполнять обязанности

to do research work - заниматься научно-исследовательской работой

to participate in competitions - участвовать в соревнованиях

entertainment - увлечение

leisure - отдых, досуг

Read and translate the text

The Barnaul Law Institute

1. History

The Barnaul Law Institute is a higher educational establishment of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. It was set up in 1957 as a secondary militia school. It trained qualified militia officers to cope with the rise of crime and lawlessness in our country. In 1998 the school was reorganized into the Barnaul Law Institute. The reorganization was carried out to expand educational activities and to improve professional training of law enforcement specialists.

2. Purpose.

The primary purpose of the Institute is to provide the highest quality training of law enforcement officers for the interior bodies. Depending on the form and programme of education the term of training specialists lasts from 2 to 5 years. The Institute offers several comprehensive programmes of academic and professional training. The purpose of these programmes is to provide the students with basic legal and specialized law enforcement knowledge and to develop practical skills for competent job performance.

3. Departments

There are 4 departments in our institute. They are: the day department, the correspondence department, paid department of law, refresher courses for the militia officers and the postgraduate courses.

4. Student's Body

The students from different republics, regions, cities and towns of Russia study law and master law enforcement profession at the Institute. Some of them are just from secondary school. Others are former servicemen of the Russian army and militia. But all of them have chosen law enforcement as their future speciality. The main task of their future profession is to fight and prevent crimes quickly and accurately. It is not easy to handle such big and serious problems of life and to fulfill professional responsibilities effectively.

5. Curriculum

The future militia workers are to acquire wide knowledge of very many subjects. The curriculum consists of general and special subjects such as: History, Philosophy, foreign languages, different branches of law: Civil Law, State and Law, Administrative Law, Criminal Law and Procedure, Criminology, Criminalistics, Crime Psychology, etc. Every day students attend lectures, seminars and practical instructions of these subjects. Apart from theoretical knowledge much attention is given to the development of practical skills necessary to efficient perform their functions.

Students master practical skills during field training and in crime laboratories. Future militia officers are to acquire a lot of practical skills such as follows: to observe the crime scene; to handle evidence; to find, collect, protect evidence; to interview witnesses and interrogate suspects and criminals; to use a weapon; to master motor driving, etc.

The academic year consists of two terms. At the end of each term students take exams and credits.

7. The teaching staff

The teaching staff of the Institute includes many Masters and Doctors of Law, and a great number of knowledgeable law enforcement practitioners. They deliver lectures, conduct practical instructions, individual training and consultations. These highly qualified specialists bring to the classroom advanced knowledge and practical experience.

8. Facilities for Students

Instructional facilities consist of special equipped classrooms, special study rooms with visual aids, computer classrooms, a library, a reading-room and a big conference hall for holiday celebrations.

Some sports facilities are available for students: a gymnasium, a firearms range, a stadium, sports grounds where students can do or play their favourite sport and participate in various sports competitions after classes.

Many students take part in amateur activities. Our Institute provides all the competitions necessary for good studies and leisure. The students are working hard at their studies, as they want to acquire good knowledge and become skilled lawyers.

I. Translate the word-combinations into English:

1. уделять большое внимание;

2. выполнять эффективно свои обязанности;

3. читать лекции, проводить практические занятия;

4. быть доступным для студентов;

5. участвовать в спортивных различных соревнованиях;

6. стать квалифицированным юристом.

II. Translate the word-combinations into Russian:

1. the primary purpose of the Institute;

2. to provide the students with basic legal and specialized law enforcement knowledge;

3. competent job performance;

4. to fulfill professional responsibilities effectively;

5. to solve crimes quickly and accurately;

6. to acquire wide knowledge of very many subjects.

III. Agree or disagree with the following statements :

1. The primary purpose of the Institute is to provide the highest quality training of law enforcement officers for the factories.

2. The term of training lasts from 2 to 5 years

3. Some of the students are former servicemen.

4. It is easy to fulfill professional responsibilities effectively.

5. Much attention is given only to the development of practical skills.

6. At the end of each term students take exams and credits.

7. Some sports facilities are available for students.

IV. Complete the sentences and translate them.

1. The Institute offers …

2. The main task of their future profession is …

3. The curriculum consists of …

4. Future militia officers are …

5. These highly qualified specialists …

6. Our Institute provides …

7. The students are working hard …

V. Answer the questions :

1. When was the secondary militia school set up?

2. Why was the militia school reorganized?

3. What is primary purpose of the Institute?

4. What is the main task of their future profession?

5. Students study some special subjects, don't they?

6. Do the students take exams and credits at the end of each term?

7. What do the teachers do?

8. What facilities are there at the Institute?

Topic “ Barnaul ”

Vocabulary:

population – население

enterprise – предприятие

art school – художественная школа

Palace of Sports – дворец спорта

at the disposal – в распоряжении

accessable – доступный

to be linked – быть связанным

Barnaul

Barnaul was founded in 1730. It occupies the territory over 31 thousand hectares. The population of the city is over 600 thousand people.

Barnaul is an important industrial centre. There are more then 100 thousand industrial enterprises. They produce diesels, machines, furniture.

The city has theatres, a Philharmonic Society, museums, musical and art schools, cinema houses and some libraries. There is a Palace of Sports, Sport Complex “Ob”, some stadiums, swimming pools, sportshalls at the disposal of people.

There are 7 higher Educational Establishments in Barnaul. The city has secondary schools, gymnasiums and lyceums.

Barnaul is a transport centre. It is easily accessible. It is linked by air, railways, cars and river boats with other parts of Russia and local places.

Answer the questions:

1. When was Barnaul founded?

2. What territory does it occupy?

3. Is Barnaul an industrial centre?

4. The enterprises produce diesels, machines, don’t they?

5. Why is Barnaul a cultural centre?

6. How many educational establishments are there in Barnaul?

7. Is Barnaul easily accessible?

8. What kinds of transport do you know?

Topic “My profession”

Vocabulary:

to choose a profession – выбирать профессию

according to – согласно, в соответствии с

ability – способность

diverse – разнообразный

to deal with – иметь дело

highly-educated – высокообразованный

to study by correspondence – учиться заочно

to master – овладеть

investigational techniques – техника и тактика расследования

broad – широкий

sense - смысл

Read and translate the text :

My profession

In our country every man can choose the profession which he likes according to his abilities. The profession of a lawyer is one of the most popular professions nowadays. The legal profession is very interesting and diverse. I know that a lawyer should be a perfect expert in laws and their proper usage. That’s why I decided to be a lawyer and I entered the Barnaul Law Institute. Now I study by correspondence and work in the agency of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Training at our Institute is difficult but interesting. Being a student I am to study many different subjects such as Crime Detection, Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure, Crime Psychology and others. Besides I am to get professional skills and abilities – to drive a car, to use the weapon, to search a crime scene, to master investigational techniques.

I think I must be a highly-educated person. A lawyer should be competent in human psychology and human understanding. I must do my best to become an expert in the broad sense of the word.

Answer the questions :

1. Can every man choose the profession?

2. The profession of a lawyer is one of the most popular professions, isn’t it?

3. Is the profession of a lawyer interesting or not?

4. Where do you study now?

5. Is training at the Institute difficult?

6. What subjects are you to study?

7. What skills and abilities are you to get?

8. What do you do to become an expert in the broad sense of the word?

Topic “ Great Britain ”

Vocabulary:

country – страна

to be situated – располагаться

to be made up of (to consist of) – состоять из

to separate – разделять

to connect – соединять

monarchy – монархия

house – палата

to limit – ограничивать

to appoint – назначать

to elect – выбирать

to govern – управлять

to lead – вести

power – власть

to crown – короновать

Read and translate the text :

Great Britain

Great Britain is situated to the north-west of Europe on the British Isles. It is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The official name of the country is the United Kingdom. Great Britain is separated from the Continent by the English Channel and is connected with many countries by sea.

The climate of Britain is mild and warm because of the warm Gulf Stream. Most of the mountains are in the north in Scotland, but they are not very high. Scotland is also famous for its beautiful lakes. The rivers in Great Britain are not long, but many of them are deep.

The longest rivers are the Clyde and the Thames.

London is the capital of the country. It consists of four parts: the City, the West End, the East End and the Port.

The City is a small area but is the business and commercial heart of London. All the main banks and offices are situated here. In the centre of the City there is the tower of London and St. Paul’s Cathedral.

The most interesting sights in the West End are the Westminster Abbey (where many English kings and queens were crowned and are buried there) and Hyde Park which is famous for its Speaker’s Corner. The West End is full of museums, art galleries, the best theatres, cinemas, expensive clubs and shops.

The most important industrial cities are Manchester, Bristol, Edinburgh, Birmingham and others.

Cambridge and Oxford are famous university cities.

The U.K. is a constitutional monarchy. The official head of the state is the king or queen. But the power of the monarch is limited by Parliament which is made up of the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Members of the House of Lords are appointed and members of the House of Commons are elected by people. The head of the Government is the Prime Minister.

There are four main political parties in Great Britain: the Conservative, the Labour, the Liberal and the Social-Democratic Party.

The official language of Great Britain is English.

Answer the questions:

1. Where is Great Britain situated?

2. How many parts does it consist of?

3. Why is the climate of Great Britain mild?

4. Where are the most of the mountains and the lakes?

5. London is the capital of the country, isn’t it?

6. How many parts are there in London?

7. The Tower of London is in the centre of the City, isn’t it?

8. What is Hyde Park famous for?

9. What are the most important industrial cities?

10. The UK is a constitutional monarchy, isn’t it?

11. Is the power of the monarch limited by Parliament or the Prime Minister?

12. What are four main political parties in Great Britain?

Supplementary Reading

My name is David Nelson. I was born in London, but now I live in California, in the USA. I am a TV news reporter. I work for a small magazine and I really like my work because it is very interesting. I meet many interesting people every day.

I come from a large family. My father has a farm in the North of England and he is very busy with the work on the farm. My mother is a housewife. She has a lot of work to do about the house and she is very busy too. Every summer I go to see my parents and my relatives. I have two sisters and one brother. My elder sister is twenty-six. She is married and has a son Nick. He is six and is in the first grade at school. My sister is a doctor and her husband is a lawyer. It is a well-paid job and he makes a lot of money. My younger sister’s name is Ann. She is twenty and is in her first year at Oxford University. My brother Ted who is fifteen lives with my parents. He is in high school. He wants to become an economist, but I’m afraid it is only a dream because he is rather lazy and my mom and dad have a lot of problems with him.

I’m twenty-four. I am married and have a family of my own. My wife Jane is twenty-three, she is a school teacher but she doesn’t work now because we have a baby, she is only seven months old. So we are three in my family and we get on very well with each other.

A Student's day

I am a first-year student of the Barnaul Law Institute. I am from Barnaul, but now all our freshmen live in the hostel. Our working day begins with reveille at 6 a. m. We do morning exercises, wash, dress and fall in line for the march to breakfast. Classes begin at half past eight in the morning and end at twenty minutes past one p. m. After classes we have dinner and a short rest and then we go to the reading-room to prepare for seminars, do home work for the next day, write reports and course-papers. After classes the students take part in the work of various scientific societies, where they do research work on different problems of Law and law enforcement. We also go in for sport in various sport clubs and take part in amateur activities. At 7 o'clock we have supper. In the evening I very seldom go out. I stay in hostel with my fellow-students. We usually listen to the radio, watch TV. From this time until 8 p. m. students attend to personal needs and at 11 o'clock p. m. we go to bed. On Sunday we don't have classes. It is our day off. On Sunday we have a rest after a week of hard studies. We are very busy with our lessons and have very little free time during the week, because we work hard.

We do our best to get knowledge, education and become highly professional lawyers.

I. Translate the word-combinations.

To begin with reveille, to do morning exercises, to prepare for seminars, to write reports and course papers, research work on different problems, to listen to the latest news, to have a rest, to get good knowledge and education.

II. Answer the questions.

1. When do you get up?

2. You do morning exercises, don't you?

3. Do you have breakfast?

4. All your freshmen live in the hostel, don't they?

5. What do you do after classes?

6. Do you have time to do research work?

7. Do you have classes on Sunday?

8. Why do you work hard?

The USA

The USA (the United States of America) is a federation of 50 states which are in the same general area between Canada in the north and Mexico in the south. The other two states are geographically separate. Alaska is in the extreme north-west of the American continent, and Hawaii is in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.

The federal capital is Washington, south of New York, near the east coast. Washington is the centre of federal government but each state has its own capital and its own government. State governments have a large amount of power and independence, they make their own laws and they are also responsible for education, for the state police force, for the prison system, for road building and many other things.

Federal laws are made by Congress which is the equivalent of the British Parliament. There are two Houses: the House of Representatives and the Senate. Each state sends representatives and senators to Congress. Elections to the House of Representatives are held every two years, while senators are elected separately together with the Vice-President. They serve for a term of four years. The President forms the Cabinet. There are two main political parties in the USA: the Democrats and the Republicans. The Democrats are slightly more to the left than the Republicans, but the differences between their policies are not usually very great.

Таблица неправильных глаголов

Ключ

Урок 1. Задание 3.

Урок 2. Задание 3.

П.2 Задание 3.

П.3 Задание 3.

П.4 Задание 3.

Урок 3. П. 1 Задание 3.

П.2 Задание 3

Урок 4. П.1 Задание 3

П.2 Задание 3

Урок 5. Задание 4.

Урок 6. Задание 4.

Урок 7. Задание 3.

Урок 8. Задание 3

Урок 9. Задание 4

Урок 10. Задание 3

Урок 11. Задание 4

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ

Раздел 1.

Порядок слов в английском предложении............................................... 3

Раздел 2................................................................................................. 5

Понятие об артикле.................................................................................................. 5

Раздел 3................................................................................................. 8

§1 Число имени существительного.......................................................................... 8

§ 2 Притяжательный падеж имен существительных............................................ 11

§3 Словообразование............................................................................................ 13

§4 Предлоги места и направления........................................................................ 16

Раздел 4............................................................................................... 18

§ 1 Местоимения.................................................................................................... 18

§ 2 Прилагательное................................................................................................ 24

§3 Числительные.................................................................................................... 25

Раздел 5............................................................................................... 28

Глаголы to be, to have............................................................................................ 28

Раздел 6............................................................................................... 33

Времена группы "Indefinite".................................................................................. 33

Раздел 7............................................................................................... 35

Времена группы "Continuous".............................................................................. 35

Раздел 8............................................................................................... 38

Времена группы "Perfect"...................................................................................... 38

Раздел 9............................................................................................... 41

Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты................................................................. 41

Раздел 10............................................................................................. 44

Страдательный залог............................................................................................. 44

Раздел 11............................................................................................. 47

Причастие I, II........................................................................................................ 47

Раздел 12............................................................................................. 50

Герундий................................................................................................................ 50

Раздел 13............................................................................................. 55

Сложноподчиненные предложения................................................................. 55

Правило согласования времен......................................................................... 57

Topic “My family”................................................................................ 59

Topic “My Institute”............................................................................. 61

Topic “Barnaul”................................................................................... 65

Topic “My profession”.......................................................................... 66

Topic “Great Britain”........................................................................... 68

Таблица неправильных глаголов....................................................... 72

Ключ.................................................................................................... 75

Пособие обсуждено и одобрено на заседании кафедры иностранных языков 17.11.08г. Протокол № 5.

Учебное издание

Калашникова Светлана Викторовна

Методические указания

по обучению грамматике английского языка

для слушателей заочного обучения

Учебное пособие

Печатается в авторской редакции

Лицензия ЛР № 0221352 от 14. 07. 1999 г.

Лицензия Плр № 020109 от 15. 07. 1999 г.

Подписано в печать _____________ г. Формат 60x84/16. Отпечатано на RISO – 4300.

Усл.п.л. _________. Тираж ___________ экз. Заказ ___________. Барнаульский юридический институт МВД России. Организационно–научный и редакционно–издательский отдел.

656099, г. Барнаул, ул. Чкалова, 49.